1991 Wilderness 32. рд╡реА. Soybean oil body model coated with extraneous proteins. 2 bushels per acre (bpa), up from 173 last month and just below the year-ago result of 173. $79,900. Waterlogging is a major environmental stress for soybean (Glycine max (L. It is also one of the important oilseed legumes. In India, this oilseed contributes in earning through export of de-oiled cake, in addition to a large share in edible oil for domestic consumption (Shrivastava et al. However, because of the estrogen-like properties of soy isoflavones, it may stimulate the development of estrogen. an interactive archive of historically significant periodicals from PennsylvaniaIn: Soy2004 10th Biennial Conference of the Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Soybean, Columbia, MO, p 117. That relies on a big jump in soy area with 2024 plantings slated at 87 million acres, up from 83. 2% per day if planting occurs after early-June. The Great Lakes are to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash and Ohio rivers to its south. 8% to the value of global production of the four main crops of soybeans, maize, canola, and cotton. Top Class C RVs by Make. However, soybean cultivars overall have a wide range. PDF | A total of 7,191 frontline demonstrations (FLDs) were organized on soybean across the country during 2011 to 2018 to assessthe yield gaps between. Soybean is an excellent crop having industrial, traditional, culinary, feeding, and cultural roles. Abstract Breeding disease-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L. ) is the number one oilseed crop produced in the world and one of the most widely grown field crops, with over 340 million metric tons produced in 2016 (American Soybean Association 2017). Global Trade Identification Number. ) is one of the most economically important leguminous crops, as it provides more than one-quarter of the worldтАЩs protein for human and animal consumption 1. RVS 18 soybean variety details rvs 18 soybean variety details inhindi rvs 18 vs rvs 24rvs 18 soybeanrvs soybean varietyrvs soybeanrvs 24 soybeanrvs 2001 soyb. Unheated soybean oil contained no HNE and a relatively low concentration of polar lipophilic secondary oxidation products (aldehydes and related carbonyl. The average price of soybeans during the 1997тАУ98 crop year was $6. The current price of soybeans as of November 15, 2023 is $13. Out of the 19,649 soybean accessions deposited in the United States Department of Agriculture-Germplasm. A variety of flower colors, such as dark purple, purple, purple blue, purple throat, magenta, pink, near white, and white, has been identified in cultivated soybean (Glycine max). 63 million t during 2002. S. The soybean [Glycine max (L. The absence of soybean sequences targeted by the remaining 916 probe sets (2. 03. was instrumental for positioning soybean a premier coveted place amongRvs 2024 soybean Rvs 1135 soybeanrvs 2024 soybean varietyrvs 2024 soybean variety in Hindirvs 2024 soybean variety details1135 soybean variety rvs 1135rvs 11. The distinctive olive oil aroma will be evident, even though the bulk of the dressing's component comes from inexpensive soybean. View at Thormotorcoach. Although the use of resistant cultivars has been the most effective management. A novel bZIP transcription factor gene, GmbZIP1, encoding 438 amino acids with a conserved bZIP domain composed of 60 amino acids was isolated from salt-tolerant soybean cv. The estimated per capita consumption of soybean oil increased from 0. soybean supply and use forecasts for 2022/2023 are unchanged. S. max (L. In this study, the enhanced salt tolerance in soybean (Glycine max L. presidential election, as well as elections to the United States Senate and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. pachyrhizi (Rpp) genes has been. Minimum Order Quantity. , Winkler, H. 175 RVs in Colton, CA. Background Soybean, a major legume crop native to East Asia, presents a wealth of resources for utilization. According to USDA Agricultural Projections to 2025, world trade is projected to increase in soybeans by 22 percent, in soybean meal by 20 percent, and in soybean oil by 30. For reference, that of beef from cows is 0. Tucked away in the back corner of the campground is a lovely little spot that overlooks the lake. For centuries soybean has been grown in China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, the Philippines and Indonesia for various purposes and has been. Plant Health Progress 1 April 2009. $9,900. production but fell in 2018 due to trade restric-tions. The AICRP on Soybean include 22 main centres as well as 12 voluntary centres. 1). 7 million metric tons in 2010/2011, which is more than double than that in 1992/1993 (Fig. Wichita, KS. All major clades in the phylogenetic tree have high bootstrap values, suggesting that the results are strongly. 4. Fig. New Class B in Alvarado, Texas 76009. , 2003). We have a wide selection of new and used RVs from today's most popular brands, including Airstream, Winnebago, Tiffin Motorhomes, Grand Design, Thor Motor Coach, and more. corn yield at 173. South Valley 2013 Rockwood 8280WS. & P. 14 DEC2020 Operating Requirements for Tractors and Power Take-Off Driven Implements. S. The modes of SoSGV transmission were not yet known. saving. 5 million tons. ] growth, development, and yield. Eighteen independent HP plants were identified by RT-PCR, of which nine were PCR. In oilseed scenario of India, it occupies 1st place. 2018 Wilderness 3500. Soybean is rich in folic acid and vitamin B complexes that are very essential for pregnant women. The non-polar hydrocarbon alkane chain is an important counter balance to the polar acid functional group. 2g/16gN), but value of protein is limited by methionine and cystine content (2. 188 RVs in Tucson, AZ. RVS (RAPPAPORT-VASSILIADIS-Soya) broth is a selective medium for the enrichment and isolation of Salmonella. and Ontario from 1999 to. Coachmen 449 Coachmen RVs for sale. 259 RVs in Seffner, FL. Soybean cyst nematode suppressed USA soybean yield more from 1996 to 2007 than any other disease. Figure 4. refresh the page. W82 seeds were germinated, and seedlings were grown in pots filled. Henson. If you ask тАЬWhich cars do not have soy-based wiringтАЭ then the answer would be тАЬNo One. Nasoko DARS 2002 Medium to late . . 2003; Zhao and Gai 2004) . тАв U. Successful R&D work carried out by the soybean scientists in above framework. The PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1) gene family plays diverse roles in inorganic phosphate (Pi) transfer and signal transduction, and plant development. searching. рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди рдХреА рдореМрдЬреВрджрд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реНрдореЗрдВ 335, 9305 рдФрд░ 9560 рд╣реИрдВред рдпреЗ 100 рд╕реЗ 102 рджрд┐рди рдореЗрдВ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВред рдирдИ рдХрд┐рд╕реНрдо 90 рджрд┐рди рдореЗрдВ рдкрдХрдХрд░ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛрдЧреА. 16 % of oil. Which are the improved high yielding varieties of soybean? 2. 1тАФ5. Soybeans are one of the most worthy crops in the world because of their high protein and oil content, which provides a wide variety of uses []. The taxonomy of the genus Glycine to which soybean belongs has been revised many times. 6% lower than May's forecast and 5% lower year on year. Published 25 March 2003. We have developed an efficient protocol for callus induction and plant regeneration in three elite soybean cultivars (Williams 82, Loda and Newton). Rhizobia reduce atmospheric dinitrogen in root nodules to ammonia that is utilized by the host legumes, resulting in. Soybean [G. 1a, Supplemental Table S1). Soybean yield and. рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рди рднрд╛рдИрдпреЛрдВ рдирдорд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░,рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЪреИрдирд▓ рдкрд░ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдЦреЗрддреА-рдмрд╛рдбрд╝реА , рдлрд╕рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдордВрдбреА. USDA released its August Crop Production report on Aug. рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди рдХрд┐рд╕реНрдо рдЖрд░. рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди RVS 2001-4 рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛рдПрдБ: рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдкреМрдзреЗ 50 рд╕реЗ 60 рд╕реЗрдореА. . This is the first report of soybean yield suppression due to Asian. S. The 2024 Missouri gubernatorial election will be held on November 5, 2024, to elect the governor of Missouri, concurrently with the 2024 U. In the study of Okito et al. glycines in one of four experiments using an extended feeding transmission assay. In recent years, 15-inch and 30-inch row spacings have been the most common planting configurations in North American production, each accounting for over 1/3 of total acreage ( Figure 2 ). Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis Figure 1 above shows the gross value of soybean production between 2011 and 2020. Also find Soybean Seeds price list | ID: 7798321991Soybean (Glycine max L. The price shown is in U. тАЭ. S. A total of 21 soybean cultivars were selected for this research (Supplementary Table 1). Johnson RV Fife. S. Cowichan Valley, BC. Find all the information about the 2002 Audi S4 in Canada! MSRP, Specs, Photos, Deals, RecallsThe motorhome half of the Sunseeker is what we come here to read about. The construction of soybean core germplasm has also been carried out in other countries. Subsidy of. Does the ESX itself perform very slow while running any commands like esxcfg-scsidevs -m or esxcfg-rescan vmhbaX [X adapter of your FC] 3. e. Browse or. PI 567543C originated from Northern China and possesses antixenosis resistance to the soybean aphid. 17 × 10 тИТ6) 53. Soybean, Glycine max (L. ) Merr. 4% of the total soybean probe sets) remained problematic. J. Patricia A. Join millions of people using Oodle to find unique used motorhomes, RVs, campers and travel. Soybean has much supreme concentration of protein, fibre, minerals and vitamins; the high concentration of fibre in soybeans may help in reducing the incidence of type-2 diabetes, constipation and hypercholesterolemia (Gibson and Benson 2005; Edema et al. It is a modification of the original Rappaport medium, where soya peptone is used instead of tryptone (peptone from casein) to improve recovery rates of Salmonella. max and G. 1998 GMC conversion van. We're a nationwide leader in RV sales, with more than. Oliveira et al. Although there were many fluctuations in the. 230 RVs in Las Vegas, NV. Background The genetic base of soybean cultivars in India has been reported to be extremely narrow, due to repeated use of few selected and elite genotypes as parents in the breeding programmes. Description. Cultivated soybean, wild soybean, and 23 perennial Glycine species contain 2n = 40 chromosomes. with two species of African origin, and Soja (Moench) F. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in various biological processes including developmental regulation and responses to environmental stress stimuli. The various pests of soybeans and the pest. We're Fast! Post your RV in just a few minutes. : 5 In 1996, the first genetically modified soybean was introduced to the U. (Lancaster, Pa. Delayed planting date and unfavorable environmental conditions have a negative effect on soybean [ Glycine max (L. A native of Eastern Asia, soybean was introduced into the USA and South America where it has become the most economically important agricultural crop and export commodity. ASAE S207. Wang D, Arelli PR, Shoemaker RC, Diers BW (2001) Loci underlying resistance to race 3 of soybean cyst nematode in Glycine soja plant introduction 468916. Characteristics and Trends of U. So if you have a kid, maybe limit their Krispy Kreme. Soybeans generally emerge best. 85 million metric tons (MMT) of soybeans imports in marketing year (MY) 22/23. 47. Dollars per bushel. Between 2002 and 2006, the use of no-till increased sharply in soybean production, rising from 34 to 44Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is one of the most important diseases of soybean in North and South America (Aoki et al. The resulting. Shelf Life: 4 Years. Sell, search or shop online a wide variety of new and used recreational vehicles, motorhomes, travel. 6 49. to 4. 2001 рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рди 'RVS 2002-04' рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд░реВрд░ рдЬрд╛рди рд▓реЗрдВ! RVS 2002-04/ RVS 24 #soybean_varietyЁЯФеЁЯФе - YouTube This is a detailed video of Soybean variety RVS. C. Mileage is OK тАУ about 20 mpg in the city. These sources were crossed to obtain Rpp-pyramided lines and therefore were named. In this work,. The estimated yield suppression due to. Two resistance loci, Rhg1 and Rhg4 primarily contribute resistance to SCN race 3 in soybean. If you have a soy allergy, youтАЩll need to avoid all varieties of soybeans. рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди RVS 2001-4 | Soybean Best Variety RVS 2001-4 | Contact for Seeds 8224917065 / 7999707851 - YouTube рд╕реЛрдпрд╛рдмреАрди RVS 2001-4 | Soybean Best Variety RVS. glycines was observed. рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рди рднрд╛рдИрдпреЛрдВ рдирдорд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░,рдЖрдкрдХреЛ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдЪреИрдирд▓ рдкрд░ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдЦреЗрддреА-рдмрд╛рдбрд╝реА , рдлрд╕рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдордВрдбреА. Following that, Brazil and Argentina have been the major soybean producers since 1970s and 1990s, respectively. An experiment was set up to evaluate the response of a dual purpose promiscuous soybean variety. a 2002 study in the Journal of Paediatric Child Health found that chronic exposure to calcium propionate in children caused irritability, restlessness, inattention and sleep disturbance. , has become the major source of edible vegetable oils and high protein feeds for livestocks in the world. @article{Wrather2003EffectOD, title={Effect of diseases on soybean yields in the United States and Ontario (1999 to 2002). Introduction to Fatty Acids. In the region, soybeans grown in soils with environmental conditions that did not support iron deficiency chlorosis sometimes had slightly higher yield with higher soil nitrate (4). ) by exogenous application of glycinebetaine was evaluated. The protein of soybean contains the considerable quantity of lysine (6. Frozen soybean cells (300 g) were thawed and homogenized with 150 g quartz sand and 150 mL buffer A in a chilled mortar, stirred for 20 min with 0. 4 According to the USDA, top soybean-producing states such as Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota experienced large drops in soybean output in 2003, compared with 2002. In the study of Okito et al. It also indicates that global crop losses caused by P&Ps range between 17 and. soja F1. 14-16 quintals per Hectare . 2019-2022. 62 in 2014 and has increased to $5. Koenning, North Carolina State, Raleigh 27695; and T. Rvs 2001-4 Soybean Variety | рд╕рдмрдХрд╛ рдмрд╛рдк Soyabean ki top variety | рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдкреИрджрд╛рд╡рд╛рд░ рджреЗрдЧреА farming tech news -: kisaan mitron video me hamne. 2002 r-vision trail lite motorhome 271. Soybean yields. October 14, 2005. 2004 Doubletree Rv moblile suites. Soybeans have the highest protein content and second highest oil content among the major food crops (Nafziger 2016). 2. Which are the high yielding and early maturing varieties of soybean? 5. Chlorotic and stunted soybean plants in plots with 17,050 eggs (left four rows) and healthy soybean in plot with 175 eggs per 100cc of soil (right three rows). This is the first report of soybean yield suppression due to Asian. 6. Key message In the soybean cultivar Suweon 97, BCMV-resistance gene was fine-mapped to a 58. . Growth Stage R4 in Soybean тАУ Full Pod. Find great deals on new and used RVs, tailer campers, motorhomes for sale near Image on Facebook Marketplace. Genetic diversity in breeding programs is of prime importance as it ensures the success of any breeding by enhancing the outcomes and results of the plants. developed a core collection of 1600 accessions from around 16,000 accessions in USDA Soybean germplasm collection. The authors compiled estimates of soybean yield losses due to diseases for each soybean producing state in the U. 2019 Sierra 372 LOK 5th Wheel Mid Bunk Room / Office 4 Slide Outs. 7 cents per pound (0. Since 1996, gross farm incomes have increased by 225. 51 kPa, which was lowest among the tested legume species. 47 per bushel (0. $136,900. Find great deals on new and used RVs, used campers, travel trailers, toy haulers, pop up campers and more on Facebook Marketplace. All Toyota models come with soy wiring. O. production of soybeans in 2009 was 3. J. Introduction. Other metropolitan areas include Peoria and Rockford, as well as Springfield,. Plant Materials and Stress Treatments. A novel geminivirus, soybean stay-green associated virus (SoSGV), was previously shown to cause soybean delayed senescence and is associated with the incidence of soybean stay-green syndrome. As shown in DSC, the glycosylated fraction had high thermal. 2017 Keystone RV Outback Ultra Lite 240URS Toy Hauler Travel Trailer. Soybean row spacings (in inches) in North. Millets, Nutri Cereals, IYoM 2023, International Year. тВ╣ 110/ Kg Get Latest Price. A field trial was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Northeast Missouri to determine the effects of soil waterlogging duration, pre-plant N and rescue N fertilizer applications on corn and succeeding soybean [Glycine max (L. Confirmation on XLD agar resp. Here, we carried out genome-wide dissection of CRF family in soybean and identified 26 members, which locate on 18. Fig. 4 billion bushels from 77. Phytophthora root and stem rot ranked second among diseases that most suppressed yield seven of 12 years. Vol. Autoxidation of oils requires radical forms of acylglycerols, whereas photosensitized oxidation does not require lipid radicals since 1 O. 2, and the first reports of F. Fujimaki et al. 0%), a region where is located. Soybeans are mainly composed of protein but also contain good amounts of carbs and fat. Soybean (Glycine max) is the fourth most important seed crop in terms of global production with major production areas in North America, South America and Asia (Pagano and Miransari 2016). Born Free 2 Born Free RVs for sale. I took a look at the Sunset 2400B, a 25. According to Food Allergy Research and Education, itтАЩs especially prevalent in babies and kids, with 0. 50. Key message A novel Rpp gene from PI 605823 for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi was mapped on chromosome 19. 2010 Gulf Stream 28ft with a slide and bunks! Tulsa, OK. Bradenton, Florida 34208. The soybean [Glycine max (L. ASAE S211. Limited genetic resistance to the disease has been reported, and only three sources of resistance have been used in modern soybean breeding. PI 567543C originated from Northern China and possesses antixenosis resistance to the soybean aphid. . Weight: 30 Kg. soybean exports increased over time as a share of total U. The best luxurious RV. 13. Estimates of soybean yield suppression due to diseases in the USA from 1996 to 2007 were compiled to provide information to help funding agencies and scientists prioritize research objectives and budgets. Aphid resistance loci mapping Plant materials and aphid resistance evaluation. (About 1/2 the width of an average pencil eraser. how to get soy oil and oil cake; Feeding soybeans and soybean by-products;Lancaster farming. Economic impacts of climate change in South Africa: A preliminary analysis of unmitigated damage costs. Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Soybeans are desired on the marketplace as a valuable source of protein and oil. S. and Ontario from 1999 to 2002. What are the production technologies for different zones ? 6. Fairview, OR. It Can Cause Mineral Deficiencies. 2100. Porum, OK. Among cereal and other legume species, it has the highest protein content (around 40%); other legumes have a protein content between 20% and 30%, whereas cereals have a protein content in the range of 8-15%. . Typical selling prices for soya bean oil were 25. Soybean meal is a valuable ingredient in formulated feeds for poultry and fish. Get Shipping. Research must focus on management of diseases that cause extensive losses, especially when funds for research are limited. 2017 Disease Losses In all, 9. Flower color is one of the key traits, which has been widely considered for genetic studies on soybean. by Monsanto. Phytophthora root and stem rot, sudden death syndrome, and seedling diseases ranked in the top four on the list of diseases that suppressed soybean yield during these years. R. 3 Min Read. A. The US soybean planted area for MY 2023-24 was estimated at 83. ASABE Published Standards тАУ April 16, 2023. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is one of the most economically important biotic stresses in global soybean production, causing more than $1 billion dollars in yield losses annually in the USA alone (Koenning and Wrather 2010). 07 in 2018. see also. In addition, soy is rich in many other beneficial nutrients -- like fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential minerals like calcium and. Flavones, responsible for pubescence color, are synthesized via two copies of flavone synthase II genes (FNS II-1 and FNS II-2). However, relative to 2020/2021, planted acreage is higher while export is lower. October 29, 2023 By Brogan Woodburn Mercedes. ( 66) evaluated the use of SMOFlipid in the treatment of PNALD, defined as a persistently elevated bilirubin of 4. November 11, 2023 4:04 am Title: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima: Ensuring FarmersтАЩ Prosperity with Enhanced. ) Merr. 2023 4:18 pm. Pubescence color of soybean is controlled by two genes, T and Td. )F. November 20, 2023 3:06 pm. loading. Xushu 29) using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Fig. However, as its extraction from soybean seed is not yet possible using traditional methodologies, most of the soybean that the country produces is used predominantly in the feed industries, and any soybean oil in the market is imported. As for the PLE-hexane, also performed under optimized conditions (85 ┬░C; RV of 60 % of the extraction cell volume, divided into 3 cycles (N); St of 13 min), the recovery rate was 86. Utpann Seeds - Offering Utpann Soybean Seeds RVS 2001 4, For Agriculture, Packaging Size: 30 Kg at Rs 9000/quintal in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Contact Us. The aim of the import and release is to supply or offer to supply for sale/placing on the market for direct use as food, feed and for processing (FFP). hirticaulis and G. ) Merr. New 2024 Entegra Odyssey 30Z Luxury Class C RV. Catelli LL, Binneck E, Arias CAA, Abdelnoor RV and Nepomuceno AL (2007) Genetic relationships between Chinese, Japanese, and. N-deficient soybean response to POST N, Cathay. R. 5 рд▓рд╛рдЦ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╣реЗрдХреНрдЯреЗрдпрд░ рдкреМрдз рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпрд╛ рд░рдЦрдиреЗ. In India area, production and productivity of soybean during kharif-2014 were Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a naturally occurring plant growth regulator and play vital roles in plant defense and many developmental processes such as root growth and seed germination. Soybean meal is the most important protein source used to feed farm animals. Peking and PI 88788 are the two major sources of SCN resistance with Peking requiring both Rhg1 and Rhg4 alleles and PI 88788 only the. Soybean is utilized globally for a healthy diet due to its high contents of iso-flavonoids and folic acid. Early-season soybean planting has the potential to improve yield. a Distribution of the soybean reaction to Meloidogyne javanica expressed as score values across all of the 317 accessions, R represents resistant phenotype, MR represents moderately resistant and S represents susceptible phenotype. . phoenix rvs - by owner - craigslist. (1965) showed. ) agribusiness. S. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic and chemical basis of newly-identified flower color variants including two soybean mutant lines, 222-A-3 (near white flower) and E30-D-1 (light purple flower), a near-isogenic line (Clark. We're Affordable! Sell your RV. $500 per month rv spot for available for live in (hudson/spring hill) $500. Soybean is grown for both oil production and as a protein source, with the seeds yielding on average 20% oil and 40%. Rvs 2001-4 soybean ki puri jankari // rvs 2001-4 soyabean variety. Newmar Ventana 4326. Browse All RVs for Sale; Find RVs by Type;. ) Merr. , in the upper Midwest. The unit cost of producing a bushel of soybeans, adjusted for inflation, fell from $10. Find your perfect Travel Trailer rv for sale from the search results below. Knowledge of yield suppression caused by various soybean diseases is. Soybean is an important oil- and protein-rich crop worldwide. 4. Scottsdale. SMOFlipid (Fresenius Kabi) is a mixed lipid emulsion containing 30% soybean oil, 30% medium-chain TGs, 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil. The objective of this project was to compile estimates of soybean yield losses due to diseases for each soybean producing state in the U. Abstract. Introduction High yields are critical to soybean producer profit margins, especially during periods of low prices for soybean. Effect of Diseases on Soybean Yields in the United States and Ontario (1999 to 2002) J. Road ready! $9,900. 2011 Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Camry, Toyota Prius, Prius C, Tundra, and Toyota Highlander are some of them. agricultural exports to China at a record $16. S. Introduction.